Scanning

Parsing

Semantic Analysis

Optimization

Code Generation

Tradeoffs

Other System Software

Portability

Benchmarks

Validations

12.2.10 Validations

Asserting that a compiler is correct is becoming more formal. Validation programs for older languages such as FORTRAN and Cobol evolved after the languages were implemented. Ada was one of the first languages to be designed with the provision that compilers for it must be able to run specially designed validation programs.