Lab 2

Introductory Perl

Contents

[Introduction]
[Scalar Variables]
[Arrays]
[Array Functions]
[Hashes]
[Hash Functions]

Introduction

Perl means Practical Extraction and Report Language. Those of you who know awk, sed, and shell scripts will think Perl is very much like these.
Actually, Perl does much more than each of these. Perl syntax also looks like these as well as like C. This lab presumes only that you know C.
There is a good Perl book for beginners by Eileen Quigley, published by Prentice-Hall called Perl by Example.

Try some examples

Scalar Variables

The following is excerpted from Jacqueline D. Hamilton's awesome online class at http://www.cgi101.com. (She has now published this in book form and I highly recommend it.) In particular, this material comes from http://www.cgi101.com/class/ch2/text.html.

Perl has three types of variables: scalars, arrays, and hashes.

A scalar variable stores a single (scalar) value. Perl scalar names are prefixed with a dollar sign ($), so for example, $x, $y, $z, $username, and $url are all examples of scalar variable names. Here's how these variables are used:

$foo = 1;
$name = "Fred";
$pi = 3.141592;

You do not need to declare a variable before using it. A scalar can hold data of any type, be it a string, a number, or whatnot. You can also use scalars in double-quoted strings:

$fnord = 23;
$blee = "The magic number is $fnord.";

Now if you print $blee, you will get "The magic number is 23."

Let's create a file called first.pl and add some scalars to it:


#!/usr/bin/perl

$classname = "Electronic Documents";

print "Hello there.  What is your name?\n";

$you = <STDIN>;

chomp($you);

print "Hello, $you.  Welcome to $classname.\n";

Save, and run the script by typing: Perl first.pl

This time, the program will prompt you for your name, and read your name using the following line:

$you = <STDIN>;

STDIN is standard input. This is the default input channel for your script; if you're running your script in the shell, STDIN is whatever you type as the script runs.

The program will print "Hello there. What is your name?", then pause and wait for you to type something in. (Be sure to hit return when you're through typing your name.) Whatever you typed is stored in the scalar variable $you. Since $you also contains the carriage return itself, we use

chomp($you);

to remove the carriage return from the end of the string you typed in. The following print statement:

print "Hello, $you. Welcome to $classname.\n";

prints this new value of $you . As in C, The "\n" at the end if the line is the perl syntax for a carriage return.

Arrays

Perl array names are prefixed with an at-sign (@). Here is an example:

@colors = ("red","green","blue");

In Perl, array indices start with 0, so to refer to the first element of the array @colors, you use $colors[0]. Note that when you're referring to a single element of an array, you prefix the name with a $ instead of the @. The $-sign again indicates that it's a single (scalar) value; the @-sign means you're talking about the entire array.

If you wanted to loop through an array, printing out all of the values, you could print each element one at a time:

#!/usr/bin/perl
# this is a comment
# any line that starts with a "#" is a comment.

@colors = ("red","green","blue");

print "$colors[0]\n";
print "$colors[1]\n";
print "$colors[2]\n";

Or, a much easier way to do this is to use the foreach construct:

#!/usr/bin/perl
# this is a comment
# any line that starts with a "#" is a comment.

@colors = ("red","green","blue");

foreach $i (@colors) {
print "$i\n";
}

For each iteration of the foreach loop, Perl sets $i to an element of the @colors array - the first iteration, $i is "red". As in C, the braces {} define where the loop begins and end, so for any code appearing between the braces, $i is set to the current loop iterator.

Array Functions

Since an array is an ordered list of elements, there are a number of functions you can use to get data out of (or put data into) the list:

@colors = ("red","green","blue","cyan","magenta","black","yellow");

$elt = pop(@colors); # returns "yellow", the last value of the array.

$elt = shift(@colors); # returns "red", the first value of the array.

In these examples we've set $elt to the value returned, but you don't have to do that - if you just wanted to get rid of the first value in an array, for example, you'd just type shift(@arrayname). Both shift and pop affect the array itself, by removing an element; in the above example, after you pop "yellow" off the end of @colors, the array is then equal to ("red", "green", "blue", "cyan", "magenta", "black"). And after you shift "red" off the front, the array becomes ("green", "blue", "cyan", "magenta", "black").

You can also add data to an array:

@colors = ("green", "blue", "cyan", "magenta", "black");
push(@colors,"orange"); # adds "orange" to the end of the @colors array

@colors now becomes ("green", "blue", "cyan", "magenta", "black", "orange").

@morecolors = ("purple","teal","azure");
push(@colors,@morecolors); # appends the values in @morecolors to the end of @colors

@colors now becomes ("green", "blue", "cyan", "magenta", "black", "orange", "purple", "teal","azure").

Here are a few other useful functions for array manipulation:

@colors = ("green", "blue", "cyan", "magenta", "black");
sort(@colors); # sorts the values of @colors alphabetically

@colors now becomes ("black", "blue", "cyan", "green", "magenta" ). Note that sort does not change the actual values of the array itself, so if you want to save the sorted array, you have to do something like this:

@sortedlist = sort(@colors);

The same thing is true for the reverse function:

@colors = ("green", "blue", "cyan", "magenta", "black");
reverse(@colors); # inverts the @colors array

@colors now becomes ("black", "magenta", "cyan", "blue", "green" ). Again, if you want to save the inverted list, you must assign it to another array.

$#colors # length-1 of the @colors array, or the last index of the array

In this example, the value of $#colors is 4. The actual length of the array is 5, but since Perl lists count from 0, the index of the last element is length - 1. If you want the actual length of the array (the number of elements), you'd use the scalar function:

scalar(@colors); # the actual length of the array

In this case, the value of scalar(@colors) is equal to 5.

join(", ",@colors); # joins @colors into a single string separated by the expression ", "

@colors becomes a single string: "black, magenta, cyan, blue, green".

Hashes

A hash is a special kind of array - an associative array, or paired group of elements. Perl hash names are prefixed with a percent sign (%), and consist of pairs of elements - a key and a data value. Here's how to define a hash:

 
Hash Name     key	 value

%pages   = ( "fred",    "http://www.wpi.edu/~fred/",
             "beth",    "http://www.wpi.edu/~beth/",
             "john",    "http://www.wpi.edu/~john/"   );

Another way to define a hash would be as follows:

%pages = ( fred => "http://www.wpi.edu/~fred/", beth => "http://www.wpi.edu/~beth/", john => "http://www.wpi.edu/~john/" );

Note that quotes aren't needed here.

This hash consists of a person's name for the key, and their URL as the data element. You refer to the individual elements of the hash with a $ sign (just like you did with arrays):

$pages{'fred'}

In this case, "fred" is the key, and $pages{'fred'} is the value associated with that key - in this case, it would be "http://www.cgi101.com/~fred/".

If you want to print out all the values in a hash, you'll need a foreach loop:

foreach $key (keys %pages) { print "$key's page: $pages{$key}\n"; }

This example uses the keys function, which returns an array consisting only of the keys of the named hash. One drawback is that keys %hashname will return the keys in random order - in this example, keys %pages could return ("fred", "beth", "john") or ("beth", "fred", "john") or any combination of the three. If you want to print out the hash in exact order, you have to specify the keys in the foreach loop:

foreach $key ("fred","beth","john") { print "$key's page: $pages{$key}\n"; }

Hashes will be especially useful when you use CGIs that parse form data, because you'll be able to do things like $FORM{'lastname'} to refer to the "lastname" input field of your form.

Hash Functions

Here is a quick overview of the Perl functions you can use when working with hashes.

delete $hash{$key} # deletes the specified key/value pair, # and returns the deleted value exists $hash{$key} # returns true if the specified key exists # in the hash. keys %hash # returns a list of keys for that hash values %hash # returns a list of values for that hash scalar %hash # returns true if the hash has elements # defined (e.g. it's not an empty hash)