Kernel Memory Requirements
Interrupt handlers
Must be pinned into physical memory
At locations known to hardware
Critical kernel code
Pinned, never swapped out
I/O buffers (user and kernel)
Must be pinned and in contiguous physical memory
Kernel data (e.g., PCB’s, file objects, semaphores, etc.)
Cached in physical memory
Dynamically allocated & freed not multiples of page size
Not multiples of page size; fragmentation is an issue