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Interrupt
handlers
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Must
be pinned into physical memory
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At
locations known to hardware
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Critical
kernel code
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Pinned,
never swapped out
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I/O
buffers (user and kernel)
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Must
be pinned and in contiguous physical memory
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Kernel
data (e.g., PCB’s, file objects,
semaphores, etc.)
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Cached
in physical memory
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Dynamically
allocated & freed not multiples of page size
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Not
multiples of page size; fragmentation is an issue
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