OS Design Issue —
 Where does Kernel execute?
• In physical memory
• Old systems (e.g., IBM 360/67)
• Extra effort needed to look inside of VM of any process
• In virtual memory
• Most modern systems
• Shared segment among all processes
• Advantages
• Easy to access, transfer to/from VM of any process
• No context switch needed for traps, page faults
• No context switch needed for purely kernel interrupts